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his issue deals with the perennial "Aryan question".
Some amount of confusion still reigns with regard to the terms 'Arya' or
'Aryans' that represent the language, the culture, the religion, the
people, and for some, even the 'race' of a certain section of prehistoric
South Asians. A clarification and discussion of the available data is in
order.
The following paper deals with these issues and to a large degree, with the
much debated question of the origin of the Arya: Either they are indigenous
to early South Asia or their existence is due to a (partial) influx of a
language and a culture that was of non-South Asian origins.
As in all the sciences, this debate should simply be a question of evidence
and proof, -- in this case one based on linguistic, textual,
archaeological, anthropological, genetic, etc. data. However, the issue has
become increasingly politicized. By now, it is the focal issue of recent
revisionist rewriting of old Indian history and even underlies much of
contemporary Indian politics.
The present paper, however, is not concerned with these political aspects,
but with the methods used and the facts that can be retrieved for an
adequate description of the original Aryans (technically, 'Indo-Aryans') of
early South Asia. Some of the questions asked here and answered below are
the following.
How can the ancient Indo-Aryans ("Aryans") of South Asia be defined and
what are their origins.? How were they described over the past one or two
hundred years and what exactly is the new autochthonous or indigenist
scenario? What are the arguments brought forward so far by the
autochthonists? How do these arguments agree with each other in a complete,
indigenous framework? And, perhaps more importantly, how does the new
theory agree with the evidence supplied by the various sciences and
humanities?
In sum, do we have a "new paradigm" or not?
The answer will be found at the end of the paper. It is divided into there
major sections, (and due to its length further subdivided for email
delivery into six sections):
1. The 'traditional' immigration theory of the past two centuries. (§1-10)
2. The 'autochthonous Aryan' theory: evidence from language (§12-18),
chronology (§19), archaeology and texts (§20-27), the texts and the
sciences (§28-31)
3. Summary of results (§32)
Due to its importance, the linguistic section is quite extensive (§12-18).
Linguisticially less inclined readers should skip most of it and proceed to
the linguistic summary in §18.
MW
================================================================================
A note on transcription.
Vedic and Sanskrit are transcribed here according to the Kyoto-Harvard
system, that is long a = A, retroflex t = T, palatal sh = z, etc. In
addition, IIr and Dardic dental affricate c = .c., and z = .z.
The Avestan alphabet is represented here as follows:
long e = E, long o = O, a topped by circle = a^o, nasal a = a, velar
nasal = ng (= Ved. G) , labial velar nasal = ngv;
implosive t = t~; interdental t (theta) = th, interdental d (delta) =
dh, bilabial w (beta) = w, velar g = g'; dental shibilant (with hacek) =
s', dental sibilant with underdot = S' = S~ ; labial velar affricate = xv.
For other languages, similar conventions are followed, e.g. French accented
e = e' (aigu), e` (grave), German umlaut a" = ae, o" = oe, u" = ue, etc.
================================================================================
Michael Witzel
Harvard University.
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Have ordered trees, plants, vines, etc online - usually they put each set of plants in a bag with wet tissue or something like that and put them all in a box of course.
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